Linux 使用笔记-Reno Blog

基础

修改时区

sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai

查看日历

sudo apt install ncal
cal
cal 1 2025
cal 2025

查看天气

curl -H 'Accept-Language:zh-CN' wttr.in/Beijin

创建用户

sudo adduser --disabled-password --gecos "" 你的用户名 && echo "你的用户名:你的密码" | sudo chpasswd && sudo usermod -aG sudo 你的用户名

正确赋权

sudo chown -R $(whoami):$(whoami) /home/$(whoami) && chmod 700 /home/$(whoami)
chmod 700 ~/.ssh && chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

配置 ssh

在本地生成密钥

ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "注释"
ssh-copy-id 你的用户名@公网IP

注意：如果运行 ssh-copy-id 无此命令，可直接将本地 ~/.ssh目录中的id_rsa.pub文件内容添加到服务器的~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件中

在服务器服务设置仅允许密钥登陆

sudo rm -f /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf
sudo bash -c 'cat > /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/custom.conf <<EOF
PubkeyAuthentication yes
PasswordAuthentication no
PermitRootLogin no
AllowUsers 你的用户名
Port 你的端口
ClientAliveInterval 60
ClientAliveCountMax 3
EOF'
        
sudo sshd -t
sudo systemctl restart ssh

配置 nginx

sudo apt install nginx
    
sudo bash -c 'cat > /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf <<EOF
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name your_domain;
    return 301 https://\$host\$request_uri;
}
    
server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name your_domain;
    
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/your_domain/certificate.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/your_domain/private.key;
    
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:33033;
        proxy_set_header Host \$host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP \$remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For \$proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto \$scheme;
    }
}
EOF'
    
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl restart nginx

防火墙

  sudo apt install ufw
  sudo ufw enable
    
  sudo ufw allow 80
    
  sudo ufw limit 22022
    
  sudo ufw delete allow 80
    
  sudo ufw reload
  sudo ufw status

系统优化（谨慎使用）

关闭不需要的服务

sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager-wait-online.service
sudo systemctl disable smbd.service
sudo systemctl disable nmbd.service
sudo systemctl disable winbind.service

清理不需要的内核

sudo apt autoremove --purge
sudo dpkg --list | grep linux-image

根据列表，删除旧版本的 linux-image

sudo apt remove linux-image-xxx
sudo apt autoremove

限制内存占用

sudo sh -c "cat /usr/lib/systemd/user/coredump-reporter.service | sed 's/MemoryLimit=.*/MemoryMax=500M/' > /tmp/coredump-reporter.service && mv /tmp/coredump-reporter.service /usr/lib/systemd/user/coredump-reporter.service"
systemctl --user daemon-reload

限制日志存储

sudo sh -c '
  if ! grep -q "^SystemMaxUse=" /etc/systemd/journald.conf && ! grep -q "^#SystemMaxUse=" /etc/systemd/journald.conf; then
    echo "SystemMaxUse=10M" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf
  else
    sed -i "s/^#*SystemMaxUse=.*/SystemMaxUse=10M/" /etc/systemd/journald.conf
  fi
'
sudo systemctl restart systemd-journald

提高开机速度

sudo cp /etc/default/grub /etc/default/grub.bak
sudo sed -i 's/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="[^"]*"/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet loglevel=3"/g' /etc/default/grub
sudo sed -i '$aGRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=hidden' /etc/default/grub
sudo update-grub
sudo reboot

桌面软件

浏览器

firefox

sudo install -d -m 0755 /etc/apt/keyrings
wget -q https://packages.mozilla.org/apt/repo-signing-key.gpg -O- | sudo tee /etc/apt/keyrings/packages.mozilla.org.asc > /dev/null
echo "deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/packages.mozilla.org.asc] https://packages.mozilla.org/apt mozilla main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mozilla.list > /dev/null

echo '
Package: *
Pin: origin packages.mozilla.org
Pin-Priority: 1000
' | sudo tee /etc/apt/preferences.d/mozilla

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install firefox
sudo apt-get install firefox-l10n-zh-cn

如果遇到分辨率问题，地址栏输入about:config回车，修改 browser.display.os-zoom-behavior 值为 0

edge

sudo apt install curl
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > microsoft.gpg
sudo install -o root -g root -m 644 microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/edge stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/microsoft-edge.list'

sudo apt update
sudo apt install microsoft-edge-stable

输入法

rime

安装 rime
```
sudo apt install ibus
sudo apt install ibus-rime
```
依次点击 [设置] - [键盘] - [添加输入源] - [中文] - [中文(RIME)] 添加，然后修改优先级顺序

配置文件

mkdir -p ~/.config/ibus/rime
cat <<EOF > ~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml
patch:
  schema_list:
    - schema: luna_pinyin_simp
  menu:
    page_size: 9
EOF

阅读器

readest

sudo mkdir -p /opt/readest
LATEST_TAG=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/readest/readest/releases/latest | grep '"tag_name":' | sed -E 's/.*"([^"]+)".*/\1/')
sudo wget -O /opt/readest/readest.AppImage https://github.com/readest/readest/releases/download/${LATEST_TAG}/Readest_${LATEST_TAG#v}_amd64.AppImage
sudo wget -O /opt/readest/readest.png https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/190965649?s=200&v=4
sudo chmod +x /opt/readest/readest.AppImage
cat << EOF | sudo tee ~/.local/share/applications/readest.desktop > /dev/null
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Readest
Exec=/opt/readest/readest.AppImage
Icon=/opt/readest/readest.png
Type=Application
Categories=Utility;
Terminal=false
EOF
sudo chmod +x ~/.local/share/applications/readest.desktop
update-desktop-database ~/.local/share/applications

编辑器

typora

sudo apt install software-properties-common
wget -qO - https://typoraio.cn/linux/public-key.asc | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/typora.asc
sudo add-apt-repository 'deb https://typora.io/linux ./'
sudo apt update
sudo apt install typora

Deepin 系统可能无法正确索引，若失败可以手动添加

sudo cat << EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/typora.list
deb https://typora.io/linux ./
EOF
sudo apt update
sudo apt install typora

安装后移除源

sudo rm -fr /etc/apt/sources.list.d/typora.list
sudo apt update

下载器

qbittorrent

sudo apt install fuse
sudo mkdir -p /opt/qbittorrent
sudo wget -O /opt/qbittorrent/qbittorrent.AppImage https://www.fosshub.com/qBittorrent.html?dwl=qbittorrent-5.0.3_x86_64.AppImage#
sudo chmod +x /opt/qbittorrent/qbittorrent.AppImage
sudo wget -O /opt/qbittorrent/qbittorrent.png https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/2131270?s=200&v=4
cat << EOF | sudo tee ~/.local/share/applications/qbittorrent.desktop > /dev/null
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Pot
Exec=/opt/qbittorrent/qbittorrent.AppImage
Icon=/opt/qbittorrent/qbittorrent.png
Type=Application
Categories=Internet;
Terminal=false
EOF
sudo chmod +x ~/.local/share/applications/qbittorrent.desktop
update-desktop-database ~/.local/share/applications

播放器

vlc

sudo apt update
sudo apt install vlc

终端

termius

注意：无法导出配置

wget -O /tmp/Termius.deb https://autoupdate.termius.com/linux/Termius.deb
sudo apt install -y /tmp/Termius.deb
sudo chown root:root /opt/Termius/chrome-sandbox
sudo chmod 4755 /opt/Termius/chrome-sandbox

tabby（推荐）

wget -O /tmp/tabby.deb https://github.com/Eugeny/tabby/releases/download/v1.0.221/tabby-1.0.221-linux-x64.deb
sudo apt install -y /tmp/tabby.deb

实现SFTP目录跟随

echo 'export PS1="$PS1\[\e]1337;CurrentDir=\$(pwd)\a\]"' >> ~/.bash_profile && source ~/.bash_profile

效率工具

pot

linux 版快捷键直接在系统添加： [设置] - [键盘] - [查看自定义快捷键] - [自定义快捷键]

输入翻译：curl "127.0.0.1:60828/input_translate"
划词翻译：curl "127.0.0.1:60828/selection_translate"
截图翻译：curl "127.0.0.1:60828/ocr_translate"

注意：v3.0.6版本AppImage存在bug，建议暂时使用v3.0.5版本（截图翻译暂不可用）

sudo apt install curl fuse tesseract-ocr
sudo mkdir -p /opt/pot
sudo wget -O /opt/pot/pot.AppImage https://github.com/pot-app/pot-desktop/releases/download/3.0.5/pot_3.0.5_amd64.AppImage
sudo chmod +x /opt/pot/pot.AppImage
sudo wget -O /opt/pot/pot.png https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/133363243?s=200&v=4
cat << EOF | sudo tee ~/.local/share/applications/pot.desktop > /dev/null
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Pot
Exec=/opt/pot/pot.AppImage
Icon=/opt/pot/pot.png
Type=Application
Categories=Internet;
Terminal=false
EOF
sudo chmod +x ~/.local/share/applications/pot.desktop
update-desktop-database ~/.local/share/applications

如果使用截图翻译可以关闭窗口动画

gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface enable-animations false

nextchat

注意：暂时不能修改输入语言，默认是英语

sudo apt install curl fuse
sudo mkdir -p /opt/nextchat
sudo wget -O /opt/nextchat/next-chat.AppImage "$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/ChatGPTNextWeb/ChatGPT-Next-Web/releases/latest | grep tag_name | cut -d '"' -f 4 | xargs -I {} echo "https://github.com/ChatGPTNextWeb/ChatGPT-Next-Web/releases/download/{}/next-chat_{}_amd64.AppImage")"
sudo chmod +x /opt/nextchat/next-chat.AppImage
sudo wget -O /opt/nextchat/next-chat.png https://avatars.github.com/u/153288546?s=200&v=4
cat << EOF | sudo tee ~/.local/share/applications/next-chat.desktop > /dev/null
[Desktop Entry]
Name=NextChat
Exec=/opt/nextchat/next-chat.AppImage
Icon=/opt/nextchat/next-chat.png
Type=Application
Categories=Internet;
Terminal=false
EOF
sudo chmod +x ~/.local/share/applications/next-chat.desktop
update-desktop-database ~/.local/share/applications

onedrive

安装 onedrive
```
sudo apt install onedrive
onedrive
```
访问链接并登陆授权后复制uri输入回车
测试运行
```
onedrive --dry-run --synchronize
```
同步所有文件
```
onedrive --synchronize
```

同步指定目录

onedrive --synchronize --single-directory 'Pictures'

配置文件

sudo cp /usr/share/doc/onedrive/config ~/.config/onedrive/
sudo chown $USER:$USER ~/.config/onedrive/config
gnome-text-editor ~/.config/onedrive/config
sudo systemctl restart --user onedrive

自动同步

sudo systemctl enable --user onedrive
sudo systemctl start --user onedrive
sudo systemctl status --user onedrive 

刻录工具

etcher（兼容 Linux）

sudo wget -O /tmp/etcher.deb https://github.com/balena-io/etcher/releases/download/v1.19.25/balena-etcher_1.19.25_amd64.deb
sudo apt install -y /tmp/etcher.deb

Woeusb（兼容 Windows）

sudo apt update
sudo apt install bash coreutils util-linux grep gawk findutils grub-pc-bin parted wget dosfstools ntfs-3g wimtools p7zip gettext
wget -O woeusb.bash https://github.com/WoeUSB/WoeUSB/releases/download/v5.2.4/woeusb-5.2.4.bash
chmod +x ./woeusb.bash
sudo ./woeusb.bash --device "/path/to/iso" /dev/XXX --target-filesystem FAT

Ventoy （兼容多系统）

wget https://github.com/ventoy/Ventoy/releases/download/v1.0.99/ventoy-1.0.99-linux.tar.gz
tar -xvzf ventoy-1.0.99-linux.tar.gz
cd ventoy-1.0.99
sudo sh Ventoy2Disk.sh -i /dev/XXX

Ventoy2Disk.sh 命令 [选项] /dev/XXX

命令含义:

-i 安装ventoy到磁盘中 (如果对应磁盘已经安装了ventoy则会返回失败)

-I 强制安装ventoy到磁盘中，(不管原来有没有安装过)

-u 升级磁盘中的ventoy版本

-l 显示磁盘中的ventoy相关信息

选项含义: (可选)

-r SIZE_MB 在磁盘最后保留部分空间，单位 MB (只在安装时有效)

-s 启用安全启动支持 (默认是关闭的)

-g 使用GPT分区格式，默认是MBR格式 (只在安装时有效)

-L 主分区（镜像分区）的卷标 (默认是 Ventoy)

Linux 使用笔记

基础